Review Article

The pharmacology of halogenated salicylanilides and their anthelmintic use in animals : review article

G.E. Swan
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association | Vol 70, No 2 | a756 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v70i2.756 | © 1999 G.E. Swan | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 12 July 1999 | Published: 12 July 1999

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G.E. Swan,

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Abstract

The halogenated salicylanilides are a large group of compounds developed mainly for their antiparasitic activity in animals. Several halogenated salicylanilides with potent antiparasitic activity have been synthesised of which only closantel, niclosamide, oxyclozanide, rafoxanide and resorantel are commercially available. Closantel and rafoxanide, which represent the most important drugs in the group, are used extensively for the control of Haemonchus spp. and Fasciola spp. infestations in sheep and cattle and Oestrus ovis in sheep in many parts of the world. Niclosamide is used extensively for its anticestodal activity in a wide range of animals. Antiparasitic activity of the halogenated salicylanilides has also been demonstrated against a large number of other internal parasites, in particular haematophagous helminths, and external parasites including ticks and mites, in a variety of animal species. Several cases of toxicity and mortality have been reported for closantel and rafoxanide in sheep and goats. Their unique pharmacokinetic behaviour appears to play an important role in the efficacy and safety of these compounds. The chemical and physical characteristics, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, antiparasitic activity and toxicity of the halogenated salicylanilides in animals are reviewed.

Keywords

Animals; Antiparasitic Activity; Halogenated Salicylanilides; Pharmacology; Review; Safety

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68. Comparing an in vivo egg reduction test and in vitro egg hatching assay for different anthelmintics against Fasciola species, in cattle
Waleed M Arafa, Khalid M Shokeir, Abdelrahman M Khateib
Veterinary Parasitology  vol: 214  issue: 1-2  first page: 152  year: 2015  
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.023

69. Update on liver fluke in sheep and cattle
Alison Howell
Livestock  vol: 29  issue: 4  first page: 162  year: 2024  
doi: 10.12968/live.2024.0007

70. Metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics in giant liver fluke (Fascioloides magna)
Lukáš Prchal, Ivan Vokřál, Martin Kašný, Lenka Rejšková, Markéta Zajíčková, Jiří Lamka, Lenka Skálová, Lenka Lecová, Barbora Szotáková
Xenobiotica  vol: 46  issue: 2  first page: 132  year: 2016  
doi: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1060370

71. Treatment development for systemicTetrahymenasp. infection in guppies,Poecilia reticulataPeters
M Pimenta Leibowitz, J Kumar Chettri, R Ofir, D Zilberg
Journal of Fish Diseases  vol: 33  issue: 6  first page: 473  year: 2010  
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01143.x

72. Reprofiled anthelmintics abate hypervirulent stationary-phase Clostridium difficile
Major Gooyit, Kim D. Janda
Scientific Reports  vol: 6  issue: 1  year: 2016  
doi: 10.1038/srep33642

73. Identification of novel triazole inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling based on the Niclosamide chemotype
Robert A. Mook, Jiangbo Wang, Xiu-Rong Ren, Hailan Piao, H. Kim Lyerly, Wei Chen
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters  vol: 29  issue: 2  first page: 317  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.022

74. Update on liver fluke in sheep
Diana Williams
In Practice  vol: 42  issue: 6  first page: 341  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1136/inp.m2398

75. Electrochemical study of niclosamide at poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified glassy carbon electrode
Solomon Mehretie, Shimelis Admassie, Merid Tessema, Theodros Solomon
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical  vol: 168  first page: 97  year: 2012  
doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2012.02.035

76. Comprehensive Evaluation System for Post-Metabolic Activity of Potential Thyroid-Disrupting Chemicals
Yurim Jang, Ji Hyun Moon, Byung Kwan Jeon, Ho Jin Park, Hong Jin Lee, Do Yup Lee
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology  vol: 33  issue: 10  first page: 1351  year: 2023  
doi: 10.4014/jmb.2301.01036

77. The ionophore oxyclozanide enhances tobramycin killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by permeabilizing cells and depolarizing the membrane potential
Michael M Maiden, Mitchell P Zachos, Christopher M Waters
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy  vol: 74  issue: 4  first page: 894  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1093/jac/dky545

78. Salicylanilide Analog Minimizes Relapse of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice
Steven Blake, Rajani Thanissery, Alissa J. Rivera, Mark S. Hixon, Mingliang Lin, Casey M. Theriot, Kim D. Janda
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry  vol: 63  issue: 13  first page: 6898  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00123

79. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF HPLC-MS/MS METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CLOSANTEL IN ANIMAL BLOOD PLASMA SAMPLES FOR USE IN CLINICAL TRIALS OF VETERINARY DRUGS
D. Yanovych, M. Rydchuk, S. Plotytsia, Z. Zasadna, T. Tataryn, S. Kislova, Y. Trach, O. Pazderska, N. Korol
Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology  vol: 26  issue: 2  first page: 347  year: 2025  
doi: 10.36359/scivp.2025-26-2.37

80. Pharmacokinetic interactions of niclosamide in rats: Involvement of organic anion transporters 1 and 3 and organic cation transporter 2
Min-Ji Kang, Min Ju Kim, Aeran Kim, Tae-Sung Koo, Kyeong-Ryoon Lee, Yoon-Jee Chae
Chemico-Biological Interactions  vol: 390  first page: 110886  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110886

81. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by the anti-helmintic drug rafoxanide
Federica Laudisi, Antonio Di Grazia, Veronica De Simone, Fabio Cherubini, Alfredo Colantoni, Angela Ortenzi, Eleonora Franzè, Vincenzo Dinallo, Davide Di Fusco, Ivan Monteleone, Eric R. Fearon, Giovanni Monteleone, Carmine Stolfi
Cancer Letters  vol: 462  first page: 1  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.07.014

82. Repositioning of Anthelmintic Drugs for the Treatment of Cancers of the Digestive System
Federica Laudisi, Martin Marônek, Antonio Di Grazia, Giovanni Monteleone, Carmine Stolfi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences  vol: 21  issue: 14  first page: 4957  year: 2020  
doi: 10.3390/ijms21144957

83. Tegumental alterations and resistance of Fasciola gigantica adult worms exposed to flukicides in Egypt
Omima Ramadan Abdel‑Fatah, Waleed M. Arafa, Ahmed Anwar Wahba, Khaled Mohamed El‑Dakhly
Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences  vol: 11  issue: 1  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1186/s43088-022-00287-z

84. Multi spectroscopic and computational investigations on the electronic structure of oxyclozanide
S. Selvaraj, A. Ram Kumar, T. Ahilan, M. Kesavan, S. Gunasekaran, S. Kumaresan
Journal of the Indian Chemical Society  vol: 99  issue: 10  first page: 100676  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100676

85. Repurposing Rafoxanide: From Parasite Killer to Cancer Fighter
Teresa Pacifico, Lorenzo Tomassini, Livia Biancone, Giovanni Monteleone, Carmine Stolfi, Federica Laudisi
Biomedicines  vol: 13  issue: 7  first page: 1686  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13071686