Original Research

A survey of antimicrobial usage in animals in South Africa with specific reference to food animals

Hayley Eagar, Gerry Swan, Moritz van Vuuren
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association | Vol 83, No 1 | a16 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v83i1.16 | © 2012 Hayley Eagar, Gerry Swan, Moritz van Vuuren | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 22 March 2012 | Published: 01 August 2012

About the author(s)

Hayley Eagar, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Gerry Swan, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria South Africa, South Africa
Moritz van Vuuren, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria South Africa, South Africa

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to set a benchmark for a monitoring and surveillance programme on the volumes of antimicrobials available and consumed by animals for the benefit of animal health in South Africa. This survey was collated from data available from 2002 to 2004. The authorised antimicrobials available in South Africa were firstly reviewed. The majority of available antimicrobials were registered under the Stock Remedies Act 36 1947. Secondly, volumes of antimicrobials consumed were then surveyed and it was found that the majority of consumed antimicrobials were from the macrolide and pleuromutilin classes, followed by the tetracycline class, the sulphonamide class and lastly the penicillin class.

Results showed that 68.5% of the antimicrobials surveyed were administered as in-feed medications. 17.5% of the total volume of antimicrobials utilised were parenteral antimicrobials, whereas antimicrobials for water medication constituted 12% of the total and ’other‘ dosage forms, for example the topical and aural dosage forms, constituted 1.5% of the total. Intramammary antimicrobials represented 0.04% of the total. The surveillance systems for veterinary antimicrobials used by other countries were scrutinised and compared. It was concluded that a combination of the surveillance systems applied by Australia and the United Kingdom is the best model (with modifications) to apply to the animal health industry in South Africa. Such a surveillance system, of the volumes of veterinary antimicrobials consumed, should ideally be implemented in conjunction with a veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programme. This will generate meaningful data that will contribute to the rational administration of antimicrobials in order to preserve the efficacy of the existing antimicrobials in South Africa.


Keywords

Antimicrobial resistance; in-feed; monitoring; rational use; surveillance programmes

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doi: 10.52973/rcfcv-e34341

62. Review of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Heavy Metal and Antimicrobial Resistance, African Perspective
Sydney M Gambushe, Oliver T Zishiri, Mohamed E El Zowalaty
Infection and Drug Resistance  vol: Volume 15  first page: 4645  year: 2022  
doi: 10.2147/IDR.S365269

63. Implication of the knowledge and perceptions of veterinary students of antimicrobial resistance for future prescription of antimicrobials in animal health, South Africa
Peter W. Smith, Michael Agbaje, Lerica LeRoux-Pullen, Deborah Van Dyk, Legesse K. Debusho, Aminu Shittu, Mohamed M. Sirdar, Olubunmi G. Fasanmi, Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Folorunso O. Fasina
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association  vol: 90  year: 2019  
doi: 10.4102/jsava.v90i0.1765

64. Detection and quantification of antibiotic residues in goat milk in Mahikeng Local Municipality
KL Ndlovu, M Mwanza, N Nleya, L Ngoma
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association  vol: 95  issue: 1  first page: 121  year: 2024  
doi: 10.36303/JSAVA.583

65. Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications
Christy Manyi-Loh, Sampson Mamphweli, Edson Meyer, Anthony Okoh
Molecules  vol: 23  issue: 4  first page: 795  year: 2018  
doi: 10.3390/molecules23040795

66. Prevalence and risk factors contributing to antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from poultry meat products in South Africa, 2015–2016
Vashnee Govender, Evelyn Madoroba, Kudakwashe Magwedere, Geoffrey Fosgate, Lazarus Kuonza
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association  vol: 90  year: 2019  
doi: 10.4102/jsava.v90i0.1738

67. Prospects for antibiotic-free poultry production in South Africa: An analysis of the enablers and stumbling blocks
Xola Nduku, Thuthuzelwa Stempa, Nobuhle Sharon Lungu, Tandile Nwabisa Ndobeni, Victor Mlambo
One Health  vol: 21  first page: 101144  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101144

68. White Paper: Bridging the gap between surveillance data and antimicrobial stewardship in the animal sector—practical guidance from the JPIAMR ARCH and COMBACTE-MAGNET EPI-Net networks
Monica Compri, Rodolphe Mader, Elena Mazzolini, Giulia de Angelis, Nico T Mutters, Nithya Babu Rajendran, Liliana Galia, Evelina Tacconelli, Remco Schrijver, Ayola Akim Adegnika, Fabiana Arieti, Nithya Babu Rajendran, Julia Bielicki, Steffen Borrmann, Elena Carrara, Roberto Cauda, Monica Compri, Giulia De Angelis, Maria-Eleni Filippitzi, Isabel Frost, Liliana Galia, Christian Giske, Siri Göpel, Luca Guardabassi, Annet Heuvelink, Gunnar Kahlmeter, Souha S Kanj, Tomislav Kostyanev, Leonard Leibovici, Jean-Christophe Lucet, Lorena López-Cerero, Rodolphe Mader, Fulvia Mazzaferri, Elena Mazzolini, Marc Mendelson, Rita Murri, Nico T Mutters, Mical Paul, Maria Diletta Pezzani, Elisabeth Presterl, Hanna Renk, Le Huu Song, Maurizio Sanguinetti, Remco Schrijver, Luigia Scudeller, Mike Sharland, Marcella Sibani, Evelina Tacconelli, Didem Torumkuney, Thirumalaisamy P Velavan, Andreas Voss
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy  vol: 75  issue: Supplement_2  first page: ii52  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1093/jac/dkaa429

69. Occurrence and Concentrations of Residues of Tetracyclines, Polyether Ionophores, and Anthelmintics in Livers of Chickens Sold in the Informal Market in Gauteng Province, South Africa
Abiodun A. Adesiyun, Folorunso O. Fasina, Ovokeroye A. Abafe, Malesedi Mokgoatlheng-Mamogobo, Oluwatola Adigun, Thelma Mokgophi, Matshie Phosa, Ziyanda Majokweni
Journal of Food Protection  vol: 84  issue: 4  first page: 655  year: 2021  
doi: 10.4315/JFP-20-312

70. Antimicrobial Usage in Animal Production: A Review of the Literature with a Focus on Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Nguyen V. Cuong, Pawin Padungtod, Guy Thwaites, Juan J. Carrique-Mas
Antibiotics  vol: 7  issue: 3  first page: 75  year: 2018  
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics7030075

71. The use of antimicrobials in global pig production: A systematic review of methods for quantification
Angkana Lekagul, Viroj Tangcharoensathien, Shunmay Yeung
Preventive Veterinary Medicine  vol: 160  first page: 85  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.016

72. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from carcass swabs and carcass drips of chickens slaughtered in the informal market in Gauteng Province, South Africa
Oluwatola Adigun, Nomakorinte Gcebe, Kudakwashe Jambwa, Folorunso Fasina, Abiodun A. Adesiyun
Journal of Food Safety  vol: 40  issue: 4  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1111/jfs.12806

73. From the Farms to the Dining Table: The Distribution and Molecular Characteristics of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Intensive Pig Farming in South Africa
Sasha Badul, Akebe L. K. Abia, Daniel G. Amoako, Keith Perrett, Linda A. Bester, Sabiha Y. Essack
Microorganisms  vol: 9  issue: 5  first page: 882  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9050882

74. Virulence Traits and Drug Resistance of STEC Isolated from Layer Poultry and Rattus Species
Tsepo Ramatla, Jane Nkhebenyane, Kgaugelo E. Lekota, Mpho Tawana, Oriel Thekisoe, Ntelekwane G. Khasapane
Microorganisms  vol: 14  issue: 5  first page: 977  year: 2026  
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14050977